Animal Rights and Position

Animal Rights and Position Animal Rights and Position- Animals Used Essay Kelley 1 Jessica Kelley Dr. Gordon 04/05/2015 Animal Rights- Controversial Essay Section I: To Assert a Position Never in my 17 years of existence have I had an animal from a pet store. I have taken in a ferret and hamster from friends, caught a lizard and kept it for many years, won fish at the fair, and rescued dogs off of craigslist. Out of the six dogs I have had, none have been purebred or costed more than 50 dollars. This however, does not mean they did not receive the best of care including shots, spay and neuter, and healthy diets. While companions such as dogs seem normal in the household, not everyone is a suitable owner for animals. Owners should be able to support pets financially and emotionally and reciprocate the endless love and loyalty pets give to owners. It is very disheartening when someone does not realize the pain they are inflicting on their supposed companions and even worse when they do. Owners like these should be stripped of their pets and denied the adoption or purchase of any other animals. Those like our furry friends at home are not the only animal under attack though. Animal rights have been an ongoing controversial issue and grows ev ery year. Animals are used for a variety of different testing, clothing and entertainment. Animal rights is a philosophy that claims animals should have rights or interests equal to those of humans (Levine, 9). Some people cannot Kelley 2 possibly see or even think that animals can have rights too because animals are so vastly different than us humans. People should give equal support to the interest of animals as they do to the interest of humans. Any animal should not be put through experiments, or hunted down and killed to make fur coats. What about being held captive in Zoos and Aquariums; even though most times they are treated right, they are still locked up. In other words, do you not think they feel like their in jail? Should they not be returned to the wild to roam free? Captive animals whether it be in a lab or a zoo, suffer every year. Section II: To Support a Position- Animal Testing The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) was founded in 1824. Now, there are activist groups worldwide, from Colombia to Australia, that protect the rights for all animals (Rochford, 24). What is the definition of animal experimentation? It is when scientific researchers use animal experimentation for medical and veterinary research to enhance human health and sometimes even the the welfare of other animals (Cothran, 68). Millions of animals die and are tortured in painful tests also in order to determine the safety of cosmetics. A popular example is eye shadow and soaps being tested on rabbits, pigs, rats, dogs and an array of different animals. In many of the cases, tests are a failure and the results do not help prevent or treat human illness or injury. We have all seen the gruesome and sad pictures online in ads set by activist groups. No cosmetic companies are required to experiment animals, yet there are millions of innocent animals tested each day. Kelley 3 Some companies still choose to do these brutal and unnecessary tests, saying that they establish safety of both the products being tested and the components being tested on. Most of the tests used on animals are eye, toxicity, and skin irritant tests. The majority of the public opinion is against this type of testing because it is cruel and not necessary. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspects all laboratories where animals are used for tests and enforces the federal laws regulating the treatment and care of the animals. The Body Shop is a well-known retailer for beauty products who, in the eighties, was one of the first companies who came out with a â€Å"not tested on animals† label on their products. Later, many companies followed. Now, thousands of beauty and body care products bear the label. â€Å"Animal liberationists do not separate out the human animal so

Environmental Science Final Essay Example

Environmental Science Final Essay Example Environmental Science Final Paper Environmental Science Final Paper In general, natural resources ________. should be used efficiently and conserved Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association. symbiotic Coal, oil, and natural gas are ________. symbiotic Which of the following is true about top predators They are likely to be keystone species. A climax community always remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession Which of the following is true? Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived. Sustainable development ________. means consuming resources without compromising future availability ________ believe that within a market economy, economic sustainability is achieved through reduction of growth and by more efficient resource use. Environmental economists A small section of prairie grasses, over a year, produces enough biomass to feed insects, mice, rabbits, birds, deer, antelope, and a host of decomposers. The amount of food potentially available to the herbivores is the ________. net primary production A hypothesis is ________. a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question The origin of all nitrogen in biological tissues is ________. atmospheric N2 gas A system receiving inputs and producing outputs without undergoing any changes in size or function is said to be in ________. dynamic equilibrium The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a(n) ________. transform plate boundary Ecology is ________. the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment Zebra mussels ________. are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities ________ are the primary water?insoluble components of cell membranes. Lipids Taiga and tundra both ________. have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year Macronutrients ________. are required in large amounts for organisms to survive River water held behind a dam is best described as a form of ________. potential energy Type of rock formed when magma or lava cools ________. igneous The functional role of a species in its community is its ________. distribution Skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes are classified as ________. proteins Which of the following describes mass wasting? downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity If domestic fuel prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve. This philosophy is consistent with ________ economics. environmental The scientific process and knowledge is based on ________. testing hypotheses that are built on observations ________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. Deer Ecosystem services include ________. pollination of crop plants ________ is best defined as the study of how we decide to use scarce resources in the face of demand. economics A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________. a generalist, able to be flexible Detritivores include ________. millipedes, soil insects, many ants Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________. exponential growth Rock that has undergone heat or pressure that causes it to change form is called ________. metamorphic An example of greenwashing is ________. creating the illusion of green or sustainable practices Endemic species ________. are found only in one place on the planet Grazing animals such as deer are ________. primary consumers or herbivores Ecotones are the ________. transitional zones between ecosystems A paradigm ________. is a means of evaluating scientific hypotheses The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies are the premises of ________. environmental justice Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction? an orchid endemic to a forest where logging is occurring A population is a (the) ________. group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area Which of the following is accurate? when we damage ecosystems we lose both biodiversity and valuable ecosystem services Geothermal energy, wind and solar radiation are all examples of ________. renewable environmental factors Extinction is ________. a natural process ________ is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people. culture Aquifers are ________. underground water reservoirs The eutrophication that has taken place in the Gulf of Mexico and other locations appears to be due to ________. excess nutrients from fertilizers Age pyramids, used to show the age structure of a population, generally ________. indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class The force driving plate tectonics is ________. heat in the deepest layers of the earth An example of a density-independent factor would be ________. cold weather causing the lake to freeze The biosphere consists of the ________. sum of all the planets living organisms and the abiotic portions of the environment Paleontologists and ecologists agree that ________. 99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct The human population is approximately ________. 6.9 billion Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________. cities in developing nations, including Cairo, Egypt, and Mumbai (Bombay), India Deforestation ________. has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________. they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy Organic farming ________. has increased in the United States, Canada and Europe in recent years Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________. increased use of fossil fuels Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (90%) is ________. Australia The first national park was ________. Yellowstone The buildup of salts in soils as a result of overirrigation is ________. salinization The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an array of other factors is called ________. desertification Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, even in areas where they do not occur naturally. When people buy 10 of them and dont use them all, they often dump the remainder into the lake or river. This is an example of ________. introduced species Monoculture ________. is an agricultural practice of growing large stands of a single species According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________. increases environmental impact During most of our species 160,000-year existence, and until about 10,000 years ago, we depended on ________. hunting and gathering The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________. affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing ________ is the worlds most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth. China; one-fifth A population which is not growing will have a TFR of ________. 2.1 In general, successfully introduced species experience ________. increased competition from other organisms The practice of planting large areas with a single type of crop, monoculture ________. is a development of industrial agriculture Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________. leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests Relative to agriculture, insects are usually ________. essential pollinators and predators for sustainable systems Agricultural practices, where the members of a farming family produce only enough food for themselves and do not make use of large-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, or machinery and technology, is called ________. subsistence agriculture Researchers have demonstrated that organic farming ________. decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming Americas age?structure diagram ________. reflects a population with a high growth rate ________ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects. Teratogens What drives the move to the suburbs from cities? desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions Clear-cutting ________. removes all trees from an area Leaching ________. removes water soluble nutrients from soil ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer. Carcinogens The new urbanism tries to ________. develop walkable communities, with homes and businesses close together A country with ________ is not expected to grow quickly in the near future. high female literacy It is more energetically efficient for us to to eat more ________. plant-based foods Over the past 50 years, most U.S. citizens who could afford to do so ________. left the cities for the suburbs Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include ________. allergens The ecological footprint of a large city is ________ than/as the surrounding rural area. slightly higher Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging? They are desperate for economic development. Raising ________ requires the most land and water. beef cattle The O horizon is ________. primarily composed of organic materials A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons except ________. increased genetic diversity within the species Controlled burns would be used in forests ________. that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________. insects The effect of toxicants on fetuses and young children ________. is greater because of their developmental immaturity, rapid growth and smaller biomass Biodiversity enhances human food security because it ________. is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods The worlds urban populations are ________. growing faster than the population as a whole Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation? Designate carpool lanes and carpool parking spots in many public places. The worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been attributed to ________. endocrine disruptors The consequences of overfertilization can include ________. eutrophication in nearby waters Some indoor chemical hazard(s) are ________. Radon and asbestos Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ________. there is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ________. is an international panel that reports on how climate change influences biomes and economies Xeriscaping can save water by ________. planting native or drought-resistant plants with little or no water requirements El Nino and La Nina ________. produce changes of opposite direction in global temperature and precipitation patterns In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol ________. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions Seasons are a result of ________. differences in the amount and intensity of sunlight brought about by the tilt of Earths axis About 80% of the oceans water exists in the ________. deep zone Milankovitch cycles ________. are changes in Earths rotation and orbit around the sun that may trigger climate variation The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ________. burning fossil fuels The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. continental shelf An artesian aquifer occurs when ________. a water?bearing layer is trapped between two layers that are less permeable Tropospheric ozone ________. is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds Approximately ________% of the typical American city is devoted to use by cars. usually be used from sinks for irrigation and watering lawns As of 2010, the saga of the Colorado Rivers water resource allocation is being complicated by ________. several years of drought coupled with the rapid growth of Las Vegas Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable. salt water The Coriolis effect contributes to ________. global wind patterns The Kyoto Protocol ________. was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990 Lead enters the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant. This is a problem because it ________. causes central nervous system damage in humans Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it ________. is formed only in the presence of sunlight As water warms, it ________. expands Precipitation that falls on Earths surface ________. may take a variety of pathways through surface water or groundwater flow A recent study has revealed that chlorinated hydrocarbons, gasoline and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become significant pollutants in ________ from ________. ground water / leaking storage tanks One of the problems that occurs as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________. increasing skin cancer in humans Marine reserves ________. are no?take areas in the oceans Which of the following best describes floodplains? a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows Today, _______ has the worst acid deposition problem, primarily because of _______. China / coal-fired electrical and industrial plants _______% of U.S.citizens live in coastal counties, thus vulnerable to rises in sea level. 53% Carbon dioxide is ________. the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas produced in the United States One-fifth of Earths total freshwater supply is in ________. groundwater Radon ________. may cause lung cancer when inhaled The rapid melting of Greenlands ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system Ocean water is saltiest ________. where there is high evaporation and low precipitation The largest portion of atmospheric gases is ________. nitrogen You want to maintain a healthy pond at your school site. Last year another pond became eutrophic; to avoid that, you want to ________. avoid increasing phosphorus runoff into the limnetic zone Kelp are ________. large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish Which one of the following is not yet regulated by the EPA? carbon dioxide Most present?day fisheries managers ________. wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference. Keelings reports from Mauna Loa demonstrated ________. an increase in tropospheric CO2 from the 1950s to present The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. El Nino The relative humidity is the ________. amount of water vapor in the atmosphere Natural sources of air pollution come from ________. soil dust and volcanic dust You have been hired by a rapidly growing small city to improve the air quality, which has deteriorated in the past 10 years. Your first suggestion is to ________. improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail Hydroelectric power generation ________. is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases We build dams to ________. generate electricity, prevent flooding and provide irrigation Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________. overharvesting Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased the most since 1750. methane Sinkholes result from ________. overconsumption of water from aquifers weakening the substrate Carbon monoxide ________. blocks oxygen transport in human blood Bathymetry is best defined as the study of ________. ocean depths The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earths surface and the ________. troposphere

Letter of Reconsideration for Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter of Reconsideration for Employment - Essay Example My training was an educative experience where I grew to be a more dependable and hardworking employee. In my two months as a temporary employee, I have never missed a day of work nor have I been late. I was also always willing to take on overtime work without hesitation. My supervisor and co-workers have given me great feedbacks for my job. I was able to implement a ‘process improvement’ plan that increases production line efficiency. This only improved my confidence that allowed me to realize my potentials and creativity. For these reasons alone, I wish to continue on to be an asset to the company. Each of us has done something we are not proud of but I refuse to accept that my future should be determined by a juvenile mistake I earnestly regret. There is nothing else I could do to change the past except to be able to grow from it to be better. Please reconsider my application base on what I was able to accomplish and what I will be able to put in as part of the dynamic

Eriksons stage of evelopemnt (Ego Integrity vs Despair) Article

Eriksons stage of evelopemnt (Ego Integrity vs Despair) - Article Example This psychosocial stage has specific characteristics that explain late adulthood behavior. According to Erickson’s theory, the ego integrity versus despair is a crisis that involves deepened mental engagements (Carducci, 2006). The individual in this stage reflects on the past. They consider the impacts of the decisions they made during the earlier stages of development. The ego of an individual develops when the individuals reflect of the choices they made earlier in their development (Newman, 2012). Ego integrity occurs when the individual reflects on the past decisions of earlier developmental stages as pleasant. In this case, the individual celebrates his/her life through the mentorships and developments they have accomplished to other people. Ego integrity is therefore pleasurable (Carducci, 2006). The individuals perceive their lives as complete. In the case of the deceased client, ego integrity is unattainable to him. Reflection of his life shows sadness and misfortune through the sicknesses within his family, and also his unfulfilled career. In despair, the individual reflects on the life they have lived and they experience a sense of incompleteness (Newman, 2012). The failures in achievement tend to dominate their thoughts and reflections during this stage of their life. They realize that time has lapsed and they lack control to many situations (Newman, 2012). Therefore, their thoughts are directed towards what cannot be modified and rectified in their old age. Consequently, the individual manifests feelings of anger and intense bitterness (Fry, 1989). The case client in the nursing home may be suffering from despair. He might not have the wisdom to negotiate through the crisis. This case client will undergo despair due to the incomplete feeling upon the reflection of his

How can tax cuts help revive the economy Explain Essay - 2

How can tax cuts help revive the economy Explain - Essay Example The effect of tax cuts on the macro economy will however depend on the way the taxpayers will use their additional income and adjustment of government to its low income. This is referred to as fiscal policy which contrasts the macroeconomic policy which attempts to control interest rates as well as supply of money in stabilizing the economy. Fiscal policy uses taxation and government expenditure as its two instruments. Changes in taxation levels and government spending impacts on aggregate demand and economic activity level in the economy. It also impacts on pattern of allocation of resources and income distribution. Fiscal policy is used by government to influence economic aggregate demand in the need to achieve price stability, economic growth and full employment. According to Kogan, (2003), tax cuts stimulate the economy together with intervention of interest rates and deficit spending. Economic stimulation can only be realized if the government reduces its expenditure and the tax payers increase their expenditure especially on local commodities. The free market economy advocates argue that economic welfare of people will be improved since people are rational in what they want than the government. The suppliers of economy advocate for tax cuts because they stimulate the economy if the government expenditure is maintained and tax payers spend more of their income on locally produced commodities. This stimulates the economic growth but only on condition that it is properly maintained, otherwise it leads to economic inflation. If the expected revenue increase in the long term is not realized, the government may be left with huge debts to pay and hence a dangerous budgetary crisis. In order that the government determines that the tax cut is or is not worth to the economy, the tax multiplier is used, which measures aggregate production changes as a result of

Construction Of Automatic Voltage Regulator

Construction Of Automatic Voltage Regulator 1. Introduction Automatic voltage regulation is a process of converting the alternating voltage into a steady voltage. The device that is used to perform this process is known as an automatic voltage regulator(UST,2007,p1). An automatic voltage regulator is an electronic equipment that is used and designed to maintain the constant voltage level. This device prevent malfunctioning and damaging of the electrical equipment . Automatic voltage regulator uses electromechanical and electronic components of various types and designs. Automatic voltage regulator may include negative feedback control loops. The feedback voltage regulator operates by making comparison between the output voltage and input voltage.Electromechanical mechanism or electronic components are used in automatic voltage regulations. It can be used to regulate one or more AC (alternating current ) to DC voltage (direct current ).There are vast varieties of automatic voltage regulators depending on their types and size. 2. Construction of automatic voltage regulator The electronic voltage regulator is made in two different combinations i.e shunt and series regulator. In the shunt regulator, resistor is attached in parallel. In series regulator, resistance is attached in series. The diagrams below illustrate examples of series and shunt regulators. 2.1. Shunt Regulator It is not highly used for various applications. The current is drawn through the series resistor in order to maintain the constant level of voltage.Some current is passed through the load while the remaining current is passed through the shunt voltage regulator. These regulators are inefficient and are not widely used (Radio electronics,n.d,p1). 2.2. Series regulator The series regulators operate by using a variable element in series with the load. Due to this mechanism, the series voltage regulator provides an extremely efficient form of voltage regulation with the linear power supply (Radio electronics,n.d,p1). 3. Device which use Automatic Voltage Regulator Automatic voltage regulator is mostly used in computer power supplies in which DC voltage is stabilized. It is also used in automobile alternators and in central power station generation plants where automatic voltage regulators controls the output of the plant .In case of electric power distribution systems voltage regulators are installed at substations or along distribution lines so that all the users can receive constant and steady voltage . These regulators are also used in kitchens and in refrigerators(Meiji,n.d,p1). 4. Types of regulation The regulation is commonly calculated as constant. However, the regulation has been specified by two measurements (Robinson,2012,p1). 4.1. Load regulation: Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage of a voltage regulator for a given change in the load current. 4.2. Line Regulation Line regulation is the degree or amount to which an output voltage which changes with an input voltage. 5. Working of Automatic Voltage regulators 5.1. Basics An automatic voltage regulator is a device that is housed inside an electronic device. It is primarily used to maintain a consistent voltage level. It can regulate alternating as well as direct current. 5.2. How it works It works by estimating the output level of the voltage of the devices against the reference voltage inside the device. They normally take a specific range of the voltage levels and produce an output voltage of a narrow range. (ehow,2012,p1). The diagram below clearly illustrates this phenomenon. It shows a voltage regulator that takes an input voltage ranging from +10% to -25% and converts it into the regulated range of +3% to -3%. C:Documents and Settingskirmani babloDesktopnew.bmp Figure 🙠 Voltage Regulator) 6. Operations of Automatic Voltage Regulators Automatic voltage regulator is designed for both single and three phase alternating current applications. The phase and phase regulation has been classified into two types .The single phase voltage regulation is the best method as it provides balance phase to phase voltage level .In case of three phase regulation, large difference in voltage level causes failure of electronic and electric devices due to overheating and vibration. 6.1. Single Phase regulation The single phase regulators are used in units pole that are mounted outdoors .Single phase voltage regulators are combined together and they provide voltage regulation for three phase .The below mention figure is an example of single phase regulation. 6.2. Three Phase regulation Three phase regulator can regulate all three phases at once or it may regulate all the three phases independently .In three phase power, it has not been observed that one phase has very high voltage while other has low voltage .The below figure is an example of three phase regulation. 7. Different types of Automatic Voltage Regulator On the basis of size and design the automatic voltage regulator exists in different varieties some are mention below: The Ferroresonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator The Mechanical (Type) Voltage Regulator The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator 8. The Ferro resonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator This type of voltage regulator has been invented by Joseph Sola in the year of 1983.The change in design of ferroresonant is very minor .This type of regulators are extremely reliable in use. Presently, they are being replaced with the voltage regulators. 8.1 Operation of Ferro resonant transformer It operates on the principle of ferroresonance. It is based on the operation of transformer in the region of magnetic saturation. During this stage, high changes in the winding current leads to minor changes in magnetic flux. The winding current is proportional to the input voltage and magnetic flux is proportional to output voltage(UST,2007,p1). This shows that the purpose of automatic voltage regulator is being fulfilled by this method. The graph below exhibits the respective pattern. 8.1. Different types of Ferro resonant transformer The Ferro transformer voltage regulator is also known by various names. These names are Constant voltage transformer, Constant voltage regulator, Ferro resonant voltage regulator,Ferro resonant transformer,Ferro and CVT. 8.2. Properties of Ferro resonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator Their sizes range from 30VA to 25KA. The input voltage in these regulators range from +10% to -20%. The voltage regulation in the output ranges from +1% to 3%. It has a single phase application only. It has the tendency of stepping up and down the level of voltage. The cooling media of such regulators is air. It is mostly located indoors and has as efficiency of almost 92%. 8.3. Discussion This type of regulator provides complete isolation of load equipment from line noise and surges. The output voltage regulation is very smooth .This type of regulators are very efficient and durable .The design of this type of regulator limits the amount of current to the load end. The electronic devices can be easily protected if ferroresonant voltage regulator is used in these devices. 9. The Mechanical (Type) Voltage Regulator The mechanical type voltage regulator has been used in the market since 50 years .This type of voltage regulator exits in different variety of design .The electronic devices which use this type of regulator have an outstanding ability of correcting voltage drop in distribution lines. Mechanical type voltage regulator uses two methods of operation. The first one is changing turns ratio and the second method is by changing the magnetic induction between primary and secondary coils of the transformer. 9.1 Operations of Mechanical Voltage Regulator There are various operations that occur inside mechanical voltage regulators. These processes include 9.2. Tap Changing Voltage Regulator Operation Tap changing is a process in which a transformer has equal number of the winding turns on the primary as well as the secondary side .The voltage at input side is equal to the voltage at output side. The changing of number of turns on the secondary side can result in changing the voltage. The ratio of the turns can be easily altered by changing the location of the physical connection as well (UST,2007,p1). The mechanical tap changing voltage regulator uses some kinds of motorized drive system to change the taps on the output of transformer . 9.3.Magnetic Induction Voltage Regulator Operation The output voltage in a transformer can be changed by making the physical change of primary turn and secondary turns relative to each other .The primary side of transformer generates a magnetic flux which induces current to flow in the secondary windings(UST,2007,p1) . Physically rearrangement of the turn of secondary within the flux field can change the amount of current induced and output voltage. This type of voltage regulator changes the orientation of the transformer secondary side with respect to the magnetic filed .The magnetic induction voltage regulator is similar to the motor which have the primary windings in a cylindrical stationary configuration just like stator and the output windings which are called as rotor . 9.4. Different names of mechanical voltage regulator The various names of mechanical voltage regulator are Mechanical tap changing regulator,Tap changer, Motorized variable transformer, Motor-driven variable autotransformer, Auto-boost regulator, Electromechanical voltage stabilizer, Step voltage regulator,On load tap changer, Motorized variac and Line drop compensator. 9.5. Mechanical Voltage Regulator Characteristics The power quality automatic voltage regulators are of tap switch or magnetic induction types. Their size varies from 1 to 1500 KVA. The nominal voltages are less than 600 volts. The input voltage range varies from +20% to _20%. The regulated output voltage is between 1% to 3%. It has single phase as well as three phase applications. They possess the ability of stepping up and down the voltage. They require air as the cooling media. They are located indoors as well as outdoors. Their efficiency is greater than 95%. The utility automatic voltage regulators are of tap switch type. Their size varies from 500 to 3500 KVA. They have nominal voltages up to 34.5 KV. The input voltage range is between +10% to _10%. The regulated output voltage is between the range of 0.6% to 2.5%. It can operate on single as well as three phases. They require oil as the cooling media. They are located outdoors. Their efficiency is greater than 95%. 9.6. Discussion It provides very accurate output voltage regulation. It provides wide choice of kVA rating, voltage and configuration. It can be easily applicable to outdoor applications. It has high tolerance to system faults and overload. It has high tolerance to power factor and frequency deviations. It has good line isolation. It is relatively inexpensive. The mechanical drive components, brushes and contactors needs regular maintenance and replacement (UST,2007,p1).The overloads can damage brushes. The speed of voltage correction might be not fast enough for electronic loads. 10. The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator Electronic voltage regulator has been used in industries and for various commercial applications because of its speed and extraordinary performance. The demand of electronic voltage regulator is greater as compare to mechanical voltage regulator. 10.1 Operations of electronic voltage regulator The operations of electronic voltage regulator are based on the principle of double conversion electronic voltage. 10.2. Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulator Operation The double conversion electronic voltage converts AC power supply to DC with the help of rectifier .The voltage regulation is done in two ways. The first method is to regulate DC voltage output from the rectifier. It is an economical method .The second method is to supply inverter with constant DC voltage and set the voltage level during converting back to alternating current in the inverter(UST,2007,p1) .The double conversion voltage regulators have a low tolerance to high load currents mostly above than normal rating of the unit. 10.3. Electronic Voltage Regulator Characteristics Electronic voltage regulators are basically design for indoor, low voltage applications . 10.4. Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulators Their sizes range from 3KVA to 400 KVA. The input voltage ranges from +10% to _25 % for the tap switchers and +10% to _15 % for UPS. The regulated output voltage is between the range of +/-1% to +/-5%. It can operate on single and three phase as well. It can easily regulate voltage up and down. The cooling media required for double conversion electronic voltage regulators is air. They are generally located indoors and have efficiency up to 95 percent. Size (kVA): 3 VA up to400 kVA Nominal Voltages: Common AC voltages 120, 208, 240 480 at 60 Hz Input Voltage Range: +10% to -25% for tap switchers and+10% to -15% for UPS (varies by manufacturer) Output Regulation: +/-1% to +/-5% Phase: Single and three phase Voltage Step Up/Down: Yes Cooling Media: Air Location: Indoor Efficiency: Up to 95 10.4. Discussion The output voltage regulation is very good. It possesses ultrafast voltage correction speed. It offers no restrictions on the number of correction cycles. It gives versatility in kVA rating, voltage and configuration. It needs very low or no regular maintenance. It has good line isolation. It has poor current overload capacity. It is more expensive than mechanical voltage regulators. 11. Conclusion The automatic voltage regulators are becoming of increase significance due to variety of reasons. They are extremely essential for maintaining the utility level of the voltage. They can drop the voltage due to their ability of voltage regulation. They are highly sensitive to voltage levels and they prevent any kind of fluctuations , thus help in ensuring that equipments do not suffer any kind of damage. The use of voltage regulators avoids and reduces the risks of overheating of equipments as well. The use of voltage regulators is constantly increasing with the passage of time.

The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Ess

The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether Marlow is, or is not, Conrad has been discussed extensively. Clearly, Marlow is both, at the same time that he is neither. Heart of Darkness is not, then, Marlow's story exclusively. And if we examine it for a moment as the creation of the nameless member of Marlow's audience, it takes on a different coloration. The narrator's inclusion of Marlow's story within his point of view appears as a deliberate attempt on his part to frame the concrete world and man's involvement with this world in a vision which negates the reality of both. "Heart of Darkness" creates for us the visible surface of life, but does so in such a way that we never forget that this surface is a lie. It leads us to Kurtz, but does so in such a way that we never accept his idealism at face value. And this destruction of both possible grounds for the self, grounds toward which all versions of the adventure for Conrad are directed, results in the radical transformation in the intent of writing. It is no longer one form of the adventure, an act by which man could assure his positive existence. For the anonymous narrator, writing performs precisely the opposite function. It becomes a way of destroying any idea of an act which can confer such an identity by destroying all belief in a reality toward which this act can be directed. Thus for the narrator to place Marlow's positive, creative journey within the context of a negating darkness is for him to accept the insubstantiality of the self. It is to accept the fact that man can never transcend the conditional existence of his original, orphaned state, and it is this acceptance of his own insubstantiality which is the source of the narra... ...ces on the Thames.(19)    (16) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether. Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introduction, Notes, Blossary à £ Robert Kimbrough-1984 Pages: 10 and 11.    (17) à £ The Metaphysics of Darkness . Royal Roussel. A study in the unity and development of Conrad's Fiction. 1971- The John's Hopkins Press by Baltimore and London Pages: 77, 78 and 79.      (18) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introuduction, Notes, Glossary à £ Robert Kimbrough- 1984 Pages: 14, 15 and 23.    (19) à £ Heart of Darkness with the Congo Diary Introduction and Notes à £Robert Hampson, 1995 Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Pages: 26 and 27. The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Ess The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether Marlow is, or is not, Conrad has been discussed extensively. Clearly, Marlow is both, at the same time that he is neither. Heart of Darkness is not, then, Marlow's story exclusively. And if we examine it for a moment as the creation of the nameless member of Marlow's audience, it takes on a different coloration. The narrator's inclusion of Marlow's story within his point of view appears as a deliberate attempt on his part to frame the concrete world and man's involvement with this world in a vision which negates the reality of both. "Heart of Darkness" creates for us the visible surface of life, but does so in such a way that we never forget that this surface is a lie. It leads us to Kurtz, but does so in such a way that we never accept his idealism at face value. And this destruction of both possible grounds for the self, grounds toward which all versions of the adventure for Conrad are directed, results in the radical transformation in the intent of writing. It is no longer one form of the adventure, an act by which man could assure his positive existence. For the anonymous narrator, writing performs precisely the opposite function. It becomes a way of destroying any idea of an act which can confer such an identity by destroying all belief in a reality toward which this act can be directed. Thus for the narrator to place Marlow's positive, creative journey within the context of a negating darkness is for him to accept the insubstantiality of the self. It is to accept the fact that man can never transcend the conditional existence of his original, orphaned state, and it is this acceptance of his own insubstantiality which is the source of the narra... ...ces on the Thames.(19)    (16) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether. Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introduction, Notes, Blossary à £ Robert Kimbrough-1984 Pages: 10 and 11.    (17) à £ The Metaphysics of Darkness . Royal Roussel. A study in the unity and development of Conrad's Fiction. 1971- The John's Hopkins Press by Baltimore and London Pages: 77, 78 and 79.      (18) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introuduction, Notes, Glossary à £ Robert Kimbrough- 1984 Pages: 14, 15 and 23.    (19) à £ Heart of Darkness with the Congo Diary Introduction and Notes à £Robert Hampson, 1995 Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Pages: 26 and 27.

Critically Discuss the Impact of Classical and Positivist Theory on the Concepts and Practices of Policing

In this essay, Classical and Positivist theories of criminology will be explored and critically discussed to explore the impacts that they have had on modern day policing, introduction of laws, and police practice. The essay will first look at the history of the Classical Theory looking at Beccaria and Benthams classical school of criminology and its effects in a brief section. Positivist theorists will then be identified and the theory will be discussed, outlining the main thesis and beliefs of both of the theories.How each theory defines a criminal will then be taken into consideration and the relations of theories like the broken windows theory (Wilson and Kelling 82), labelling theory (Becker 1982), strain theory (Merton 1957) and rational choice theory (Homos 1961) will be used throughout the essay to explore the effects that the classical and positivist theories have had on police concepts like public order policing and community policing, touching on criminal justice systems a nd modern day police practice.Classical Criminological though can be traced to the criminal justice system and the penal system. Beccarias 1764 Publication on crime and punishments introduced a serious consideration into the harm caused to society by crime, and ideological outline of the basis for punishments and the relationship between the state and the offender (Beccaria 2003). Beccaria Stated in his approach to the prevention of crime that it is often distilled down to three ideas, and that it is fundamentally a product of Certainty; how likely punishment is to occur.Celerity; How quickly punishment is inflicted. and Severity; how much pain is inflicted (Newburn 2007). Another later criminologist; Jeremy Bentham, then published writings on the penology and notions of â€Å"rational free-willed character of offenders† (Maguire et al 2002) and forwarded the study of crime in that the central concerns of free will and rational choice came together to attempt a more logical a nalysis of crime and suitable punishment.In the twilight years of the 19th century the emergence of the Italian school of criminology sparked a departure in thinking on the study of crime the schools founding member Cesare Lombroso introduced a holy bible of sorts into the criminological world in that he contributed to the introduction of scientific methodology in regard to the study of crime. Lombroso most notably introduced a biological positivism into the study of crime.An â€Å"Atavistic Heredity† (Lombroso 1911) in relation to the cause of offending where physical features were viewed as evidence of an innately criminal nature in a kind of criminal anthropology. His work was then continued and elaborated by two other Italian scholars Ferri (1856-1929) and Garofalo (1852-1934) (Newburn 2007).Ferri and Garofalo elaborated on the environmental factors that can also effect criminal behaviour in relation to positivist criminology. Positivism carries the main assumptions that the methods of the natural sciences should and could be applied to the social world.Suggesting natural sciences should be used as the method base to analyse and conduct research in relation to policing and policing concepts. Positivists believe that research should consist of social knowledge and scientific knowledge through observation and scientific data. Facts must be separated from values and usually, there is a preference for a use of quantitative data over qualitative (adapted from Bottoms 2000, cited in Newburn 2007). In 1913 Positivist theorist Charles Goring published a book called The English Convict.This book logged the study he undertook which took place over 13 years, the study involved examining 3,000 British convicts against a controlled group of non-convict males to try and find out if the criminal could be categorised to a certain type of person, no significant physical differences were found between the two groups. (Goring 1913) Critical of this study and convinced that the criminal is organically inferior (Quoted in Brown et al 2004) Earnest Hooton conducted his own research into the criminal as a certain type of person and introduced Somatyping into positivist criminology.Somatyping involves the belief that evolution was dominated by superior types, arguing that a criminal had a certain type and evolution could eventually eradicate the criminal. Hooton was criticised for having poor data and an unrepresentative control group. However Hooton's work then sparked this idea in the Positivist Criminology theorists as William Sheldon then looked into Somatypes further in 1949 (Newburn 2007) and concluded that there were three types of body a person has: Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph.These body types were basically short and fat, Large and muscular and Lean and fragile. Sheldon argued that each of these body types was related to particular personality traits and that all individuals possessed varied traits however certain traits were more pre dominant than others. In modern day policing and criminology we use a theory called the labelling theory. This theory was first put forward by Howard Becker in 1963, Becker claimed that criminal elements are associated with physical appearance and the criminal becomes a label attached to a certain type of person.In 2011 it was common belief that a criminal wore a certain type of clothing which was a hooded jacket or ‘Hoodie'. Articles were even published in the newspapers like the Guardian (Guardian 2011) under title â€Å"The power of the Hoodie†. Amplified by the media this piece of clothing became an instant link to criminal behaviour and deviance. Positivist theory can be linked in here with the labelling theory to show the development in the idea of a ‘Criminal type' and show how in modern day policing we are using these theories to determine and define the word criminal.Following the work of Emile Durkheim, Robert K Merton's Strain theory (1957) can also be linked into this concept as the positivist belief is that criminal behaviour can be encouraged by social physical and biological elements, the strain theory thesis is that pressure from social surroundings can encourage an individual to commit crime. If an individual is singled out by Somatype or through labelling theory, they may feel social strain or believe that they should become deviant which could actually pressure said individual into committing criminal acts.An example of where this kind of concept was familiar was when the London riots happened in 2011. Classical criminology however argues against the concept of a criminal being defined by a certain type. Bentham stated that every person has free will and is able to make a rational choice based on the situation they are in at the time and what they feel would be the appropriate action to take. Classicism disagrees with the positivist view of a criminal only being a certain type of person and believes that the criminal deriv es from within any person.Everybody has free will, and the ability to make an informed decision on their actions in any situation they may be in, therefore believing that the criminal is an element every person has the possibility to exploit instead of positivist theory of the criminal element being biologically woven into a persons DNA. Classicism had a major effect on the criminal justice system and penology, punishments were believed to be best given on account of the appropriateness of the crime in question. This idea became the basis for our criminal justice systems today.With the introduction of the classical school of criminology the use of capital punishment and torture was on the decline and in their place the introduction of prison systems as core elements of the justice systems and punishment systems we have today.The abolishment of capital punishment has had an indescribably huge effect on our modern penal systems, the effects are vast however include the introduction of fundamental law like the Human Rights Act (HRA 1998). Acts like this are incredibly important in criminal trials and allow every person to have rights to things like the right to a fair trial and the right to prohibition of torture.Classical criminology influenced these modern day laws as its theorists believed in the concept that the punishment for crime should be based on the scale of what has been done and should be appropriate to the crime itself. Classical Criminology has influenced the constructions of our prison systems as becoming the core element of the way we punish criminals instead of using inhumane methods through capital punishment by considering the scale of the crime and deciding on an appropriate sentence for the criminal.Here another theory can be looked at which has been shaped by the classicism theories and beliefs. This theory is the Rational Choice theory (Homas 1961). the theory is based around the assumptions that criminal activity is committed by an individ ual after weighed up the risk and reward of an action, if the person believes that the reward is greater than the risk they may be more likely to commit a crime than if the risk was greater than the reward. This theory is supportive of Benthams notes of free will and rational choice.Free will and rational choice can be used to help explain the way we police through public order. In a public order policing situation, like a protest or a riot every person who attends and participates does so out of their own free will, a protester may not riot because they may believe that the risk of being arrested is greater than the reward of violently voicing their opinions.However positivism argues that a criminal is a definitive type of person and can be influenced by social physical or biological surroundings. These assumptions can be seen in the cases of rioting and community crime.The London riots happened in 2011 and they escalated throughout the country with riots happening in places like B irmingham, Liverpool and Manchester as well as other locations. The reasons that these sparked off is because of the social influence that was pressuring younger people to join in, here the broken windows theory (Wilson and Kelling 82), labelling theory (Becker 1982), strain theory (Merton 1957) and rational choice theory (Homos 1961) can all be related through classicism and positivist views to our modern day policing methods.Broken windows theory states that a run down or derelict area can encourage crime, this relates to the positivist assumption of criminal behaviour being encouraged by the physical surroundings and the evidence of this happening in the London Riots is when all the shops had been broken into and fires had been started. The streets were wrecked and this would have encouraged acts of violence.Merton's strain theory and Beckers labelling theory are also applicable here as the social strain of most young youths committing the crime would encourage more young people to commit crime, because the individuals could see crimes being committed around them without any action being taken, this would have further encouraged deviance as rational choice theory says the risk is lower than reward. These positivist based theories meant police in the London riots and most public order situations would target younger individuals to try and find criminal activity and arrests.The Classicism side of influence on Public Order would then come after the arrest in trial where they would be questioned why they had committed these crimes out of their own free will and then put through the justice system, being sentenced on the classical assumption that the punishment should be appropriate to the crime committed. Positivist assumptions can also be linked into the concept of community policing. Positivists believe that crime and criminal behaviour can be influenced through social and physical surroundings.Wilson and Kelling (1982) also believe this is the case as their broken windows theory looks at how the area a person lives in can affect their attitude towards crime and committing crime. Through the Classicism belief of community deterrence police practices have been introduced to arm the police with powers that they can use to their advantage against the war on crime. The Police and Criminal Evidence act (1984) and The Police Reform Act (2002) has seen the introduction of new police powers and a new national policing plan.These police practices include powers like stop and search. Stop and search gives the ability for any police constable to stop any citizen and search them if they believe they have reasonable grounds to do so. Classicism and Positivist theories have also had an effect on the way that we police our communities. PCSOs (police community support officers) were introduced in 2002 under the police reform act (2002) and help to improve community relations with the police.This police practice supports the positivist beliefs that crim inals can be influenced through social and physical surroundings as better relationships are built with the community and things like team projects are created to improve derelict areas and social situations people may find themselves in by offering things like youth clubs and activities. This deters crime by drawing people away from delinquency and encouraging them to take part in constructive, positive activity.Theorist David Matza outlined that the positivist theory drew on three sets of problematic assumptions:the first being Differentiation;the assumption that offenders can be separated from non-offenders by definitive characteristics, the second being Determinism; the assumption that biological, physiological or social factors affect the criminal and criminal behaviour and the third being Pathology;the assumption that an offender is an offender due to something going wrong in their lifetime (Tierney 1996).The problems of these views are that the fail to take into account the a spect of rationality, choice and human decision making. They define a criminal as a certain person, and if a person falls into the category of what has been defined by the positivist theory as a criminal it means that they must carry the traits of a criminal which is simply not true as proven by Charles Gorings work (1913). Classicism theory argues rational choice and free will, however what if a person has the impaired ability to make decisions and acts without being rational.Power and wealth is also a problem with the theory, if the classicism theory applied to all in the same sense then why is it that people who have less power and wealth tend to be the more predominant resident of the criminal justice system and not the wealthy. there are other factors that both these theories have not taken into consideration throughout their thesis, they are also very much at opposite ends of the scale.The positivist theory says that criminals are a type of person and the classicism theory say s that a criminal offence can be committed by anybody as well all have free will and rational choice. Without the Classical school of Criminology and The positivist theorists vital procedure and acts would not have been put into place that are fundamental today for the way our society and criminal justice system operates. Classicism changed the way we sentence criminals and the construct of our prison systems which are of prestigious importance to the modern justice system.Positivist theory has influenced the way we police in terms of public order and community policing through the introduction of the Human Rights Act (1998), the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) and the Police Reform Act (2002). These acts have allowed the modern day police to be able to take the best assumptions from the classicism theorists and the best assumptions from the positivists and use them to create a criminal justice system that incorporates the best of each theory into the police practices and co ncepts that are used from day to day in modern day policing.

The eNotes Blog Kindle to Launch Library Lending Check Out This Years Pulitzer Prize Winners and More,Free!

Kindle to Launch Library Lending Check Out This Years Pulitzer Prize Winners and More,Free! For me, books are like crack. I cannot have enough. I cannot read enough. When I got my Kindle for Christmas, I told myself,  Hey, self! Look! Everything in public domain is free! You wont fall victim to the latest New York Times book review, or the engrossing interview on NPRs Fresh Air. No sirree! There are still plenty of classics to be read! And now I find myself negotiating between food and that book I just heard about that sounds so interesting, and look! Its only $10 and I like hot dogs My index finger suddenly becomes possessed and takes over my brain and CLICK There it is, on my Kindle, in less than a minute flat. Sometimes I have been okay with the trade-off between food and fiction, but sometimes Im not and I regret my purchase. And because I am far too lazy to actually physically go to my local library, it is welcome news that Kindle has partnered with Overdrive, a company based in Ohio that heretofore has been providing digital media to schools and libraries. Kindle owners will be able to check out books from some 11,0000 different public libraries for a period of between seven and fourteen days, depending on the policies of the individual lending institution. The bad news is that there is not a firm date for when this feature will be available, other than soon.   The good news is that all of the features available on your Kindle purchases, such as highlighting and note taking, will also be operative on your library downloads. Soon, cannot come quickly enough for me, especially since the Pulitzer Prizes for Literature were announced this week.   You might want to bookmark this page if you can resist the temptation to click Buy Now: Fiction A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Eagen History The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery by Eric Foner Biography Washington: A Life by Ron Chernow Poetry The Best of It: New and Selected Poems by Kay Ryan Non-Fiction The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee

manifest desiny essays

manifest desiny essays Manifest Destiny reflected the desire to grow and expand quickly. It also demonstrated the idealistic vision of social perfection that fueled so much of the reform energy of the time. All this rested on the idea that America was destined-by god and by history- to expand its boundaries over a vast area. The idea of Manifest Destiny had spread throughout the nation in the 1840's. It was heavily publicized by the new "penny express" which made newspapers available to a far greater proportion of the population than ever before. Some supporters of Manifest Destiny had relatively limited territorial goals; others envisioned a vast new "empire of liberty" that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands, and ultimately, a few dreamed, much of the rest of the world. There was great enthusiasm over expansion in the 1840's and it all began with the issues of Texas and Oregon. There are several reasons why Americans embraced manifest destiny. Some reasons include European and colonial experience of Christianizing, European background and colonial background of racism, the rise of nationalism and ideals of nation-building, socioeconomic problems of mass urban population dynamics and the need for resources caused by capitalism and industrialization. Westward expansion began with territorial acquisitions that began in 1783. The first was acquired as a result of the American Revolution. The Treaty of Paris allotted the United States lands between the Appalachians and Mississippi River. These acquisitions doubled the size of the U.S. In 1803, Napoleon and the Louisiana purchase granted the U.S. that territory for $15 million. Napoleon struck a desperate deal with the U.S. in desperation for money to finance the costly wars in Europe. This again doubled the size of the United States. The Rush-Bagot Agreement, witch was signed in 1818, set the border of Canada at the 49Â ° parallel. The U ...

ADULT DEV SLP2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ADULT DEV SLP2 - Research Paper Example Thus when an individual turns into an adult he should not be taught, guided and directed as children. Secondly, when an individual enters into adulthood, they have captured huge amount of experience and information and this experience is of high value to them as this experience shapes their beliefs, norms and values. If teachers underestimate the experience of adult learners and start teaching them through their own experience like they teach children, adults tend to question what the teachers are teaching because their experiences might be different from what the teachers and the course material is informing them. As an individual enters the ages of adulthood, his/her demand for knowledge increases and his/her readiness to learn more even increases (Merriam, 1989). During childhood, individuals do not tend to care much about education and whatever they learn is more targeted towards completing a particular course and earning high grades in them. On the other hand an adult learns so he can practice what he has learned, thus they want to learn more so they can apply more and become successful in their jobs. Since adults are working and have jobs, they give more importance to the practical side of knowledge they are gaining from educational institutes. An adults learning is more task oriented than just for the purpose of gaining knowledge (Rubenson, 2011). This is why when educators teach theory to adults without informing them about the application of that theory, adults find that piece of information irrelevant and tend to ignore its importance. On the other hand if educators teach concepts wi th practical application to adults, adults will learn better and absorb more information. During adulthood, students prefer not to waste time as their social roles increase. Their social role may include role of father, son, employee, friend, student and husband. Thus, adult students have to devote their time and effort to all their

Critical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Argument - Essay Example Notably is the Wikipedia where its users/audience can edit, modify, revise and even change the original work allowing for the content to improve as more audience use it. Unlike in blog where the content is exclusively from the point of view of the author, Wikipedia is a result of a collaborative work among its various users improving it over time. In Wiki, all of its visitors can be its collaborators and therefore it is more of a discussion platform than blogging (Davis 2006). These visitors who could edit, add and even modify the original work anonymously without reward are Wiki’’s strongest feature known as crowd sourcing. According to Engstrom &Jewett, Wiki is primarily a collaborative research that analyzes divergent points of view (2005). Wiki is indeed a good tool for collaborative work that involves a large number of people because it does not put a limit on a number of people who could edit and improve the original work. The page can also be edited or modified o ver a number time without capping the frequency of the changes made in the original work. This way, the original text is enriched by the contributions and collaborative work of its visitors making the content better as time goes by. This was validated in one of my education course class where our professor asked everyone in the class to work on one broad subject during the semester. The exercise revealed that everyone was engaged on the wiki page and the broad subject was eventually subdivided into various categories as time and student progresses illustrating how collaborative tools such as wiki can improve and provide an opportunity to share knowledge and perspective to other people. Moreso, Wikis has also proven that by itself, they are also an effective teaching tool because it engages the student in the learning process. Wiki’s efficacy can be lent in Cynthia Haven argument in her paper that states â€Å"today’s kids don’t just write for grades anymore. Th ey write to shake the world.† The most famous feature of the Wikipedia is â€Å"Crowd-sourcing†Ã¢â‚¬â€when multiple people contribute to a site to make it better (anonymously—with no reward), people devote their time and energy on the website not just for grades or any repay. They write to communicate, to share their own knowledge, to get a sense of power. With various and mass information provided, more and more students using Wikipedia as their reference on their writing. At the same time, more and more anti—wiki professors and scholars are dismissing wiki as â€Å"incomplete† and â€Å"downright false† for it to be abandoned in academic study. The precaution of the academics against Wikipedia is not without basis and I believe that every student who uses the platform should be aware of its caveat. True, Wikipedia has many benefits but it also has its own downside. The source had fatal information errors that included â€Å"false deaths r eports†, â€Å"libel† and â€Å"miscellaneous hoaxes and mistakes† and therefore is susceptible to false information. At top of the false death report— Ted Kennedy’s death, â€Å"the wiki page falsely reported the â€Å"death† of Sen. Edward Kennedy, while he actually did suffer a seizure during the post-inaugural luncheon for Barack Obama†. This has been corrected by an anonymous user but still the incidence demonstrated the vulnerability of the platform towards inaccuracy